Answer:
Definitions

Non-malfeasance: This is an act that is intended to have beneficial outcome and it do not cause any harm in the process of ethical decision making process. However, short and long-term unintentional harm is being caused that is a part of the decision making process.

Beneficence:  This type of action is intended to have benefit of other people that is intended to remove all type of harms and thereby have simple improvement.

Autonomy: In the nursing practice the autonomy gives an individual person the power to take important clinical decisions without taking proper consent from the any other individual. With the help of autonomic decision, it is possible to provide respect for every decision.

Justice: The nursing justice helps to ensure that it is important to provide equal health service to every people belonging from all class of the section of the society.  

Case 1:

The practice of Euthanasia, where a terminally ill patient is being killed by withdrawing them from the life support system is banned totally by the Australian government. The health laws that are implemented by the government do not gives right to any other individual to decide upon the fate of live of any terminally ill patient (de Nooijer et al., 2017).

However, there have been few exceptional cases, where the Australian government has allowed intentional ending of life. In case of JD, owing to his current health status and age, it is important for the nurses and other family members to properly evaluate his position. His family members will have to face the situation of ethical dilemma, where they have to decide upon the future treatment that needs to be provided. Nevertheless, in the context of the serious condition of JD, there is no chance of recovery as he does not have the ability to consume any food or fluid and IV infusion has to be provided in order avoid dehydration and malnutrition. It is however, the duty of JD’s family member to ensure that he get proper treatment that provides him the best chance of survival. As he is in the state of paralysis and lack the ability to speak, the care providers have to give extra effort to understand and properly communicate with the patient. JD’s family member also needs to properly discuss the condition and also properly evaluate the condition. It is important for them to consult the medial law expert that will help them to have the power of attorney to take crucial decision of behalf of JD.   

Case 2:

The myeloblastic leukemia is a type of cancer that occurs within the blood cells and the myeloid line. The disease is generally characterized by rapid growth of the blood cells that occurs due to abnormal functioning of the white blood cells that is formed within the bone marrow (Pulte et al., 2013). The blood transfusion is one of the main forms of treatment for this disease. Hence, it is important for the patient to regularly take blood from other donors in order to cure from the disease and also prevent the abnormal growth of the blood cells. However the main challenge in the give case is the fact that male patient being Jehovah’s Witness he do not accept the fact regarding transfusion of blood and hence cannot take proper treatment of the disease. It is also highly challenging from the nurse and other physicians to provide with the correct form of treatment to the patient. It is important in this context for the nurse and other healthcare workers to ensure that the superstitious mentality of the patient is removed and they are able to provide the quality care that is needed in case of the patient.

The patient also properly needs to understand the importance of the blood transfusion form of treatment that is needed in the context. He also needs to give up his irrational traditional religious belief that will help in the improvement of the health condition of the patient and also help in the matters related to improvement of clinical condition.  

Case 3:

In the given case the patient is suffering from high level of mental disorder due to emotional problem. Moreover due to the fact that the emotional problem in case of the patient started from a very young age it had deep and significant impact even during the time of adulthood. The patient also did not get the opportunity to enjoy a healthy social life and also entertain herself with luxury.

It is important for all mental patients who are suffering from emotional problem to have sensitive way of treatment that can help them to recover from the mental health challenges. Personal mental health counselling is also an important part of the treatment that is provided to the entire mental health patient (Olfson et al., 2014). It is also important for the mental health care workers and nurses not to enforce any particular form of treatment to the mental health patient that can worsen their condition.

In the given case poor form of mental treatment had resulted in loss of weight of the patient due to the fact that she is not willing to take food. Moreover, the nurse is also planning to have force feed technique in order to provide food and nutrition to the patient in the form of intravenous mode of feeding. This type of treatment is highly unethical and this can cause emotional trouble to the patient. It is important for the nurse of the patient in the given case to have proper mental counselling session in order to understand the mental health status of the patient and thereby suggest proper treatment methods accordingly. It is also important for the nurse to properly follow the ethical guidelines of treatment that is a part of providing treatment to the mentally ill patient.

Case 4:

In the given case of Taylor the nurse and the doctors have to face a situation of ethical dilemma. Due to the poor financial condition of the patient family, it is not possible to provide the aggressive form of treatment that is needed to improve the clinical condition. Moreover the doctors have also announced that in spite of providing the aggressive treatment the chance of full recovery of the patient is highly negligible. Has the patient family is in highly ethical dilemma of whether to provide the aggressive form of treatment that is needed in the given case. On the other hand without the aggressive form of treatment that is needed to improve the health condition of the kidney of the patient it is not possible for him to survive for longer period. Nevertheless in the financial context of the patient where he has lost the source of income and also support from his family members including wife and children, it is highly likely that he will have the ability to gather the funding that is needed for his treatment. It is the duty of the nurse to provide all kind of social and moral support that is needed to improve the condition of the patient.  The family of the patient can also seek support from the social care service in order to gather the fund that is needed for treatment. It is also the fundamental duty of the nurses to ensure that the patient family is able to get proper source of funding that is needed to provide the aggressive form of treatment.

Case 5:

It is the ethical duty of all notes to strictly follow the guidelines of treatment that is needed according to the clinical condition of individual patient. There are times when the nurse may have to face ethical dilemma that the patient may not be willing to take the pain of harsh condition of treatment. However, for the longer benefit of the patient it is important for the nurse not to provide temporary relief to the patient.  In the given case, Lynetta duty is not to provide Rodney with sip of water that is needed for his improvement. In the context of his physical condition, the consumption of water may be seriously harmful to the patient.

Reference

de Nooijer, K., van de Wetering, V. E., Geijteman, E. C., Postma, L., Rietjens, J. A., & van der Heide, A. (2017). Written advance euthanasia directives in mentally incompetent patients with dementia: a systematic review of the literature. Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde, 161, D988.

Olfson, M., Blanco, C., Wang, S., Laje, G., & Correll, C. U. (2014). National trends in the mental health care of children, adolescents, and adults by office-based physicians. JAMA psychiatry, 71(1), 81-90.

Pulte, D., Redaniel, M. T., Jansen, L., Brenner, H., & Jeffreys, M. (2013). Recent trends in survival of adult patients with acute leukemia: overall improvements, but persistent and partly increasing disparity in survival of patients from minority groups. Haematologica, 98(2), 222-229.